GLOBAL ECONOMICS AND POLITICS

Leo Haviland provides clients with original, provocative, cutting-edge fundamental supply/demand and technical research on major financial marketplaces and trends. He also offers independent consulting and risk management advice.

Haviland’s expertise is macro. He focuses on the intertwining of equity, debt, currency, and commodity arenas, including the political players, regulatory approaches, social factors, and rhetoric that affect them. In a changing and dynamic global economy, Haviland’s mission remains constant – to give timely, value-added marketplace insights and foresights.

Leo Haviland has three decades of experience in the Wall Street trading environment. He has worked for Goldman Sachs, Sempra Energy Trading, and other institutions. In his research and sales career in stock, interest rate, foreign exchange, and commodity battlefields, he has dealt with numerous and diverse financial institutions and individuals. Haviland is a graduate of the University of Chicago (Phi Beta Kappa) and the Cornell Law School.


 

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MARKETPLACE TRAVELS: POTENTIAL BUMPS IN THE ROAD ©Leo Haviland April 2, 2024

The Federal Reserve Chairman (Jerome Powell) recently stated that the path to the Fed’s two percent inflation target was “sometimes bumpy”. (Remarks at the 3/29/24 “Macroeconomics and Monetary Policy Conference”, San Francisco Fed; see Financial Times, 3/30/24, p1)

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STARTING POINTS

Since around end December 2023, global inflationary forces probably have become stronger (or at least more firmly entrenched). Note the increase in the United States Treasury 10 year note yield and prices for commodities “in general” since then. Recent consumer price index measures, despite having fallen from their peaks, remain fairly distant from the Federal Reserve Board’s targets. The Fed therefore will find it difficult to reduce its Federal Funds policy rate nearly as much as many marketplace participants hope. The US dollar has remained strong, appreciating slightly since year end 2023; this suggests that American interest rate yields probably will remain rather high. America’s substantial national debt problems remain unsolved (as does China’s), with little prospect of progress anytime soon. Ongoing large federal government budget deficits and high and growing debt as a percentage of GDP tend to boost interest rate yields higher. 

Many times over the past century, significantly increasing United States interest rate yields have preceded a major peak, or at least a noteworthy top, in key stock marketplace benchmarks such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average and S+P 500. Marketplace opinions regarding substantial growth in US corporate earnings prospects for calendar years 2024 and 2025 look very optimistic. Whereas the S+P 500’s towering bull move carried into March 2024, US existing single-family home prices remain beneath their June 2023 peak. 

The US national political scene in general and election season 2024 in particular add to financial marketplace risks. 

Bitcoin and gold trends offer insight into patterns and prospects for other marketplaces, including the S+P 500. 

US INFLATION AND INTEREST RATES: RISKY BUSINESS

In the classic American film, “All About Eve” (Joseph Mankiewicz, director), the actress Margo Channing (played by Bette Davis) declares: “Fasten your seat belts. It’s going to be a bumpy night.” 

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The Wall Street securities investment communities and their political and media allies have applauded lower United States inflation rates. Widespread faith exists that the trusty Federal Reserve will achieve its two percent inflation target fairly soon. Stock owners have been especially enthusiastic as the S+P 500 has flown to new highs in the hopes of further drops in key inflation measures and notable cuts by the Federal Reserve in the Fed Funds rate. 

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Marketplace Travels- Potential Bumps in the Road (4-2-24)

PARADISE LOST: THE DEPARTURE OF LOW INTEREST RATES © Leo Haviland February 9, 2022

Kenneth Burke remarks in “A Grammar of Motives”: “And so one can seek more and more money, as a symbolic way of attaining immortality.”

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CONCLUSION AND OVERVIEW

In both stock and debt marketplace domains (and especially in stock arenas), securities owners (particularly “investors”) and their central banking, political, and media allies adore bullish price trends and employ artful rhetoric to promote them. Bullish enthusiasm for low yields in debt marketplaces of course has its limits. Central bankers (and stock investors and Wall Street and Main Street) do not want recessions or deflation and consequently “too low” interest rates, which are “bad” for (reflect or portend feebleness in) “the economy” and equities. But sometimes even negative nominal yields for government debt of leading advanced nations (such as Germany) allegedly are reasonable and praiseworthy. Moreover, for stock marketplaces, bull moves almost always are joyful and good!

All else equal, for equity realms such as America’s S+P 500, low (but not overly depressed) arithmetic interest rates and widespread faith that this rate pattern probably will persist for the foreseeable future tend to give birth to and sustain bullish stock trends. Over the past several years (and despite the horrifying stock price crash in first quarter 2020), ongoing and successful yield repression (enhanced by money printing and fortified by accommodative sermons) by the revered Federal Reserve Board and its trusty friends, and often aided by massive government deficit/”stimulus” spending, encouraged major bull climbs in the United States stock marketplace. In addition, low interest rates (often negative in real terms) in advanced countries such as the United States inspired financial pilgrims avidly searching for adequate “yield” (return) to purchase corporate debt securities and other “asset classes” such as commodities.

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Previous essays discussed key stock, interest rate, currency, and commodity marketplaces and their relationships, as well as the political scene. See essays “Emerging Marketplaces, Unveiling Danger” (12/2/21); “Hunting for Yield: Stocks, Interest Rates, Commodities, and Bitcoin” (11/7/21); “Rising Global Interest Rates and the Stock Marketplace Battlefield” (10/5/21); “America Divided and Dollar Depreciation” (9/7/21); “Great Expectations: Convergence and Divergence in Stock Playgrounds” (8/14/21); “Financial Fireworks: Accelerating American Inflation” (7/3/21); “Marketplace Rolling and Tumbling: US Dollar Depreciation” (6/1/21); “American Inflation and Interest Rates: Painting Pictures” (5/4/21); “Financial Marketplaces: Convergence and Divergence Stories” (4/6/21); “Truth and Consequences: Rising American Interest Rates” (3/9/21).

Several months ago, that analysis concluded that the signpost United States Treasury 10 year note yield had established a major bottom. Essays emphasized, in contrast to the opinion of the majority of central bankers, the likelihood that substantial global inflation likely would persist. Higher inflation alongside massive and increasing international debt burdens probably would encourage higher interest rates around the world.

Also, long run United States interest rate history (use the UST 10 year note as a benchmark) reveals that noteworthy yield increases lead to peaks for and subsequent declines in American stock benchmarks such as the S+P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Investigation pointed to rising rates for high-quality government debt outside of the United States, as in Germany. A pattern of higher yields in the United States corporate sector as well as in lower quality emerging marketplace sovereign debt appeared. Thus a rising rate environment has become a global phenomenon. Given not only the upward march of yields in the UST 10 year note, but also the international trend of rising rates, the probability of a peak in the S+P 500 and related leading nations increased.

 

America’s S+P 500 and stocks in other advanced nations soared to new highs after February 2021 while emerging marketplace equities have marched downhill (price divergence). However, the chronicle of those two broad marketplace realms at least since the Goldilocks Era of the mid-2000s reveals that their price and time trends tend to coincide. Over the long run, these landscapes are bullish (or bearish) “together”. In the current constellation of rising American and international yields, in both government and corporate areas, that warned of eventual price convergence between the S+P 500 and emerging marketplace stocks. The S+P 500’s record high in early January 2022 occurred near in time to interim highs in developing nation equities.

“Emerging Marketplaces, Unveiling Dangers” (12/2/21) concluded: “These intertwined patterns warn that the S+P 500 probably has established a notable top or soon will do so”.

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The longer run viewpoints of “Emerging Marketplaces, Unveiling Dangers” and related recent essays remain intact. The paradise of low interest rates in the United States and around the globe will continue to disappear. This ominous upward yield shift in the UST 10 year note and elsewhere endangers the heavenly bull move in the S+P 500 and related stock marketplaces. The S+P 500’s stellar high, 1/4/22’s 4819, probably was a major peak; if its future price surpasses that celestial height, it probably will not do so by much.

The UST 10 year note yield probably will ascend to at least the 2.50 to 3.00 percent range, with a substantial likelihood of achieving a considerably higher elevation. The Federal Reserve and other high priests of central banking probably will not engage in substantial actions to rescue the S+P 500 unless it tumbles around twenty percent or more from a prior pinnacle.

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Paradise Lost- the Departure of Low Interest Rates (2-9-22)

EMERGING MARKETS, COMMODITIES, BITCOIN, AND THE S+P 500: TRAVELS AND SIGNS © Leo Haviland December 3, 2019

The movie “They Shoot Horses, Don’t They?” (Sydney Pollack, director) depicts a Depression Era dance contest marathon with a noteworthy monetary prize for the winning couple left standing. The master of ceremonies declares: “And believe me, these wonderful kids [the “kids” are all adults] deserve your cheers, because each one of them is fighting down pain, exhaustion, weariness, struggling to keep going, battling to win. And isn’t that the American Way?”

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OVERVIEW AND CONCLUSION

Since around first quarter 2018, the price trends in emerging marketplace stocks “in general” and emerging marketplace sovereign debt securities in general have made important highs and lows at roughly the same time. Thus, for example, around year-end 2018, prices (not yields) for sovereign emerging marketplace bonds attained important lows (yields had been rising) alongside troughs in emerging marketplace stocks. United States high-yield corporate bonds have moved in a similar pattern over that time span. Key commodity sectors such as the petroleum complex and base metals likewise have established important highs (lows) around the same time as those in emerging marketplace equities and sovereign debt. The timing of these assorted shifts of course is not always exactly the same, only approximately so. 

Unlike emerging marketplace stocks, during calendar 2018 and calendar 2019, America’s S+P 500 has marched to new highs. Despite this price divergence, many key turns in the interim trends for the S+P 500 occurred “around” the same time as those in emerging marketplace stocks, as well as in emerging sovereign marketplace debt (in both dollar-denominated and local currency arenas), US high-yield corporate bonds, and commodities. 

As the S+P 500 was sinking lower in late 2018, the Federal Reserve Board lifeguard jumped to the rescue and unveiled its monetary “patience” doctrine. It cut the Federal Funds rate three times during calendar 2019. Central banking allies such as the European Central Bank enhanced or maintained existing easy money schemes. Beginning around end-year 2018, this accommodative monetary policy (encouraged by widespread negative yields in advanced nation government debt domains), inspired waves of “investors” (speculators, traders) to hunt, more avidly than ever, for sufficient (good, reasonable, acceptable) “yields” (“returns”) in other provinces. These districts around the globe included emerging marketplace securities, high-yielding corporate debt, and even commodities. 

The exciting cryptocurrency frontier, which includes stars such as Bitcoin, attracts interest from assorted financial pioneers and the economic media (and even central bankers at times). In the opinion of some observers, Bitcoin belongs to some variety of “asset” class. In any case, since “around” first quarter 2018, despite Bitcoin’s wild price adventures, critical turns in its price action have occurred around the same time as in emerging marketplace securities, high-yield US business debt, commodities (petroleum and base metals), and even the S+P 500. 

During 2019, the S+P 500 continued its heavenly climb. Nevertheless, at various points during calendar 2019, emerging marketplace securities, US corporate debt, commodities, and Bitcoin established interim highs and began to retreat. For example, note Brent/North Sea crude oil’s 4/25/19 summit at $75.60 (S+P 500 interim top 5/1/19 at 2954). Thus the run-up in these asset prices which commenced around end calendar 2018/early calendar 2019 probably is over. 

Significantly, emerging marketplace stock, emerging marketplace sovereign debt securities, high-yield US corporate debt, and petroleum and base metals (still “trading together”) renewed their price declines in September 2019. Take a look at Bitcoin too. Given that global economic (and political) spheres intertwine, this pattern signals a top in the S+P 500 and the probability that the S+P 500 (and other advanced nation stock battlefields) will decline alongside (converge with ongoing bearish price patterns in) emerging marketplace securities and related domains such as commodities. 

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The United States dollar, as measured by its broad real effective exchange rate, has remained sufficiently strong to be a factor tending to undermine prices in dollar-denominated emerging marketplace sovereign debt securities as well as dollar-denominated emerging marketplace corporate debt instruments. Rising dollar-denominated yields, especially as the United States dollar generally has remained strong in recent months, tends to push emerging marketplace equity prices lower. Related to this, prices also gradually have fallen since early September 2019 in the US Treasury 10 year note (low yield 1.43 percent on 9/3/19). Also, US corporate earnings have been relatively flat for calendar 2019 year-on-year, suggesting that the joyous tax “reform” enacted at end calendar 2017 is losing power and thus the capability to propel the S+P 500 even higher. Even if America and China agree on a partial trade deal in the near future, will trade conflicts involving them and others disappear? 

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Emerging Markets, Commodities, Bitcoin, and the S+P 500- Travels and Signs (12-3-19)

OIL’S TROUBLED WATERS © Leo Haviland May 18, 2015

Where will petroleum prices voyage over the next several months? Although it is a difficult call benchmark NYMEX and Brent/North Sea crude oil prices probably are establishing a broad range. For NYMEX crude oil (nearest futures continuation), the range is roughly between $40-$45 and $65-$75 per barrel. On balance, crude oil prices probably will venture more to the middle to lower section of that range.

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Petroleum’s supply/demand scene appears especially unsettled and uncertain. Navigating through that territory is challenging. However, “by itself (all else equal)”, the oil picture nowadays and for the near term looks bearish. Is OPEC’s new policy of reducing high-cost (non-OPEC) production succeeding? Not much so far. Despite the dive in drilling rig counts, OECD days coverage levels and the worldwide supply/demand balance for 2015 reveal plentiful petroleum.

Worldwide petroleum inventories generally are lofty and likely to remain so for the next several months. Though global oil consumption will edge up alongside rather modest economic growth, supply probably will exceed demand. Suppose benchmark Brent/North Sea prices (spot; or nearest futures continuation) sustain levels over $50 (and perhaps even $45) per barrel. Suppose non-OPEC production remains relatively high. Then OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia, probably will not alter its current output policy aimed at capturing market share and reducing actual and planned high-cost production in the United States and elsewhere.

Within OPEC, and apart from the policies of Saudi Arabia and its Gulf States allies, production developments from several important nations remain conjectural. Consider Iran, Iraq, and Libya. For example, predicting the outcome of the Iranian nuclear negotiations is hazardous. But even if the talks drag out beyond the end of June 2015, they probably will have a relatively successful conclusion resulting in increased Iranian crude oil production. Iraqi output, despite its civil strife, probably will keep rising. Due to the Libyan civil war, production there currently has little room to fall further. Might it spout higher if a peace agreement is reached? Will Nigeria and Venezuela maintain their current production levels?

Noncommercial participants in petroleum playgrounds also influence oil price trends. Over the past several months, a substantial increase in the net noncommercial long position has helped to propel petroleum prices upward. However, given the oversupply situation in the petroleum battlefield, the net noncommercial length arguably is vulnerable. Its liquidation consequently will pressure oil prices lower.

Uncertainties for marketplace variables “outside” the oil patch of course intertwine with those inside it. These factors appear particularly tumultuous and complicated nowadays, making it especially difficult to forecast petroleum price trends and levels. Petroleum supply/demand and prices are hostage not only to economic growth trends, but also to movements in interest rates, stocks, and foreign exchange. Policies of the Federal Reserve, European Central Bank (currently engaged in massive money printing) and other major central banks matter. Will the Fed ever raise interest rates? What if American stocks ever slump more than ten percent? US dollar weakness in the past few weeks probably has supported oil prices. What if the broad real trade-weighted dollar renews its bull move?

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Oil's Troubled Waters (5-18-15)