In “A Short History of Financial Euphoria”, John Kenneth Galbraith comments: “The euphoric episode is protected and sustained by the will of those who are involved, in order to justify the circumstances that are making them rich. And it is equally protected by the will to ignore, exorcise, or condemn those who express doubts.” (Chapter 1, “The Speculative Episode”)

“‘A Ti-tan iv Fi-nance,’ said Mr. Dooley, ‘is a man that’s got more money thin he can carry without bein’ disordherly. They’se no intoxicant in th’ wurruld, Hinnissy, like money.’” (Finley Peter Dunne’s “Mr. Dooley” commenting “On Wall Street”; spelling as in the original)

****

CONCLUSION

United States inflation benchmarks such as the Consumer Price Index have receded toward the Federal Reserve’s two percent objective. For at least the near term, the Fed’s December 2024 Economic Projections encourage faith in many marketplace players that the Fed will reduce its Federal Funds policy rate further by the end of calendar 2025. These intertwined factors, accompanied by the move in the S+P 500 to a new record high (12/6/24’s 6100), bullish optimism regarding US corporate earnings for 2025 and beyond, and hope that the incoming Trump Administration successfully will promote economic growth inspire belief that the American (and global) economy will keep expanding adequately (or at least have a “soft landing” and escape recession).

****

However, despite ongoing moderate (but still too high) inflation as well as inflationary proposals embraced by the incoming American Administration (Inauguration Day is 1/20/25), the United States (and global) economy probably eventually will slow down substantially. It may not escape a recession. Forces warning of an American and international economic slowdown are widespread. What are some of these factors?

Fed monetary policy was significantly restrictive for an extended time span until recently, and it probably will remain mildly so for at least the near term. The Federal Reserve Board recently adopted a cautious strategy regarding further rate cuts, which will tend to encourage economic sluggishness. Though American inflation is more subdued, it has not disappeared. The Fed’s two percent target has not been achieved. Shelter and services inflation remain lofty. The potential enactment of at least the essence (broad outlines) of tax, tariff, and immigration policies promoted by President-elect Trump represent noteworthy inflationary risks. Middle East unrest may spark a sustained rally in petroleum prices; that potentiality also tends to encourage the Fed to ease monetary policy gingerly.

In addition, the long term and arguably even the near term US fiscal situation and its management are dangerous. Massive fiscal expansionism over an extensive time span arguably at some point can begin to endanger rather than bolster economic growth, in part because the combination of substantial deficit spending and a very large government debt as a percentage of GDP tends to boost interest rates, especially longer term ones. Significant American deficit spending and debt levels represent ongoing problems, and upcoming debates regarding them and the debt ceiling loom. Note that despite the Fed’s easing, the UST 10 year note’s yield’s increase from 9/17/24’s 3.60 percent low, as well as from 12/6/24’s post-US national election trough at 4.13pc. America is not a developing/emerging marketplace country. Yet as in those other countries, mammoth and growing US federal debt, especially in conjunction with fierce ongoing US political conflict and other phenomena, could produce a further yield jump. With 12/26/24’s 4/64 percent high, the UST 10 year note yield has neared 4/25/24’s important top at 4.74pc, which is fairly close to 10/23/23’s 5.02pc peak. Over the next few months, there is a substantial chance that the UST 10 year’s October 2023 summit will be attacked and broken.

Many times over the past century, significantly increasing United States interest rates have preceded a major peak, or at least a noteworthy top, in key stock marketplace benchmarks such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average and S+P 500. The UST 10 year note’s yield increase from 9/17/24’s 3.60 percent interim low, and especially alongside the recent runup stage from 12/6/24’s 4.13pc to 12/26/24’s 4.64pc probably warns of a significant decline in the S+P 500 from 12/6/24’s 6100, especially since the Federal Reserve’s real Broad Dollar Index has rallied in recent months and is now probably “too strong”. The S+P 500 price probably will not exceed its December 2024 high by much, if at all.

Though the “overall” US dollar may remain strong for a while longer due to relatively lofty US interest rates, the real Broad Dollar Index probably will begin to decline from around current levels, which have reached the major resistance barriers of autumn 2022. It eventually will retreat toward its key support at April 2020’s 113.4 elevation (recall also December 2023’s 113.8).

The increasing yield trend in the US T 10 year note since its September 2024 valley (and particularly its rise from 12/6/24’s 4.13 percent low) allied with the sharp appreciation in the US dollar since September 2024 (to what is probably a “too strong” level) have undermined emerging marketplace stock and bond prices. Price and time divergence of course can exist between the securities trend of emerging (developing) nations and those of advanced nations such as the US. However, history shows that in an intertwined global economy, sustained price trends in emerging marketplace stocks and bonds can converge with (parallel) those in the stock and bond battlegrounds of advanced nations. Therefore, this price weakness in emerging marketplace securities is a bearish sign for US stock and bond prices (including UST instruments, unless there eventually is a “flight to quality” into them) and global GDP growth.

US existing single-family home prices dipped after June 2024, a portent of economic weakness. In addition, American unemployment, though still fairly low, has climbed since April 2023. Commodities “in general” have plummeted substantially from their first quarter 2022 pinnacle, whereas the S+P 500 has ventured to new highs. This massive decline in commodities as well as its notable divergence from the bullish S+P 500 trend since the S+P 500’s major low on 10/13/22 at 3492, when interpreted alongside other bearish (recessionary) warning signs, probably point to approaching economic weakness and a fall in the S+P 500. As the cryptocurrency Bitcoin and gold prices in recent years have often made significant price turns roughly around the same time as the S+P 500, continuation of their recent erosion will be an ominous bear sign for US stocks.

Until recently, the US Treasury yield curve was inverted (short term rates above long term ones); history reveals this phenomenon often has preceded a recession. Over the longer run, if the American economy slows substantially or enters a recession, the UST 10 year probably will challenge 9/17/24’s 3.60 percent low.

****

In contrast to the S+P 500’s exuberance over the past year or so (and especially since 8/5/24’s 5116 trough), recent measures of Main Street optimism are mediocre. Arguably many people on Main Street already are living in recessionary times, partly because of the high inflation of the past few years. Some of former President Trump’s enduring political appeal (and his recent election triumph) probably derives from the divergence between Wall Street (and other elite group) prosperity and Main Street economic realities. Given consumer uneasiness, the recent trend of rising US Treasury 10 year note rates, and the narrowness of the Republican majority in the new House of Representatives, the incoming Trump regime probably has only a narrow time window during which it can enact policies which it hopes will maintain or increase economic growth.

FOLLOW THE LINK BELOW to download this article as a PDF file.
As the World Turns- Marketplace Battlefields (1-1-25)